অপরিশুদ্ধ পানি পান করার মাধ্যমে অথবা সেই পানি রন্ধন ইত্যাদি কার্যে ব্যবহার করার ফলে যে ধরনের রোগ-ব্যাধি সংক্রামিত হয়ে থাকে তাকেই বলা হয় পানিবাহিত রোগ বা জলবাহিত রোগ। পানিবাহিত রোগ সারা বিশ্বেই আছে। বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থার মতে, অনুন্নত বিশ্বে শিশুদের পানিবাহিত রোগ ব্যাপকভাবে আক্রমণ করে।
প্রতিবছর বিশ্বে পানিবাহিত রোগে ১৫ লাখ লোক আক্রান্ত হয় এবং অজ্ঞতা, অশিক্ষা, কুশিক্ষা, অর্থনৈতিক দৈন্যতা, সর্বোপরি স্বাস্থ্য সচেতনতার অভাবে ৮ লাখ ৪২ হাজার লোক অকালে মৃত্যুবরণ করছে।
মানুষ ও অন্যান্য জীবজন্তুর বিভিন্ন রোগের জন্য প্রধানত দায়ী রোগ সৃষ্টিকারী অণুজীব (ব্যাকটেরিয়া এবং ভাইরাস) এবং কয়েক রকমের পরজীবী। এ ধরনের সংক্রামক রোগ সৃষ্টিকারী অণুজীবেরা নানা রকমের কৌশলের সাহায্যে পরিবেশে বেঁচে থাকে বা বিস্তার লাভ করে। বিস্তার লাভের জন্য তিনটি প্রধান পন্থা হচ্ছে- বাতাস, পানি এবং শারীরিক সংস্পর্শ। শ্বাসনালীর মাধ্যমে দেহে প্রবেশের জন্য বাতাসই মাধ্যম রূপে কাজ করে। অপর পক্ষে পরিপাক তন্ত্রের সংক্রমণের মাধ্যম হলো পানি। পানিতে মিশে থাকা ব্যাকটেরিয়া, ভাইরাস ও বিভিন্য প্রকার রাসায়নিক পদার্থ মানব শরীরে
বিভিন্ন প্রকার রোগের সৃষ্টি করে।
নিচে ব্যাকটেরিয়া, ভাইরাস, রাসায়নিক পদার্থ ইত্যাদির মাধ্যমে সৃষ্ট রোগ সমূহ উল্লেখ করা হলঃ
virus
পানিতে মিশে থাকা বিভিন্ন প্রকার ভাইরাস সৃষ্ট রোগ-ব্যাধি সমূহঃ
পানিতে মিশে থাকা লেড, ম্যাগনেসিয়াম, ফসফেট ও ক্যাডমিয়াম সৃষ্ট রোগসমূহঃ
কিডনীতে পাথর, কিডনী ড্যামেজ
পানিতে মিশে থাকা সেলেনিয়াম, লেড, কপার ও ক্যাডমিয়াম-সৃষ্ট রোগসমূহঃ
বিকলাঙ্গতা, দৈহিক বৃদ্ধি হ্রাস, দাঁতক্ষয়
উপরিক্ত এসকল রোগ থেকে মুক্তি পেতে হলে বিশুদ্ধ ও নিরাপদ পানির কোন বিকল্প নেই। আর পানিকে বিশুদ্ধ ও নিরাপদ পানি করতে হলে পানিতে মিশে থাকা সকল ক্ষতিকর পদার্থ দূর করতেই হবে!
Coronaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses, grouped into four main groups: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the Coronaviridae family.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease COVID-19, a public health emergency worldwide, and Italy is among the most severely affected countries. Sewage water monitoring is one of the key reasons for preventing covid 19.
Sewage water monitoring overview
The first SARS-CoV-2 cases reported in Italy were two Chinese tourists who fell ill in January after flying in from Wuhan, where the pandemic began. These patients were immediately put into isolation, and are not believed to have infected anyone else. The first autochthonous patient was diagnosed one month later in Lombardy, on February 2021. He was a 38-year-old man, from the town of Codogno, 60 km southeast of Milan.
Scientific research was conducted to identify the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Italy earlier than February 2021 by waste water-based epidemiology[1]. Forty sewage samples were analyzed for the study. Samples were collected between 9th October 2019 and 28th February 2020 from five WWTPs (wastewater treatment plants) located in 3 cities of Italy; Milan (20 samples from two distinct plants), Turin (16 samples from two distinct plants), and Bologna (4 samples from one plant). Sewage water monitoring has an impact on spreading covid 19.
Molecular analysis was undertaken with both nested RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR assays. For nested RT-PCR, SuperScript IV Reverse Transcriptase (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to synthesis first-strand cDNA. A newly developed real-time RT- PCR designed with the Primer3 software was used targeting the ORF1ab region of the SARS-CoV-2 genome.
Statistics & Concentration
SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by nested RT-PCR in 18/40 (45%) samples (amplicon sequences confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 by blast analysis) and in 26/40 (65%) samples by the newly developed real-time RT-PCR (shown in Table 1), with an overall agreement between the two assays of 65.0% (26/40 paired results). Virus concentration in the samples ranged from below the limit of detection (LOD) to 5.6 × 104 genome copies (g.c.) / liter.
Table 1: SARS-CoV-2 detection in sewage samples, October 2019 – February 2020
SampleID
Origin
Date ofSampling
NestedRT-PCR
Real-time RT- PCR(g.c.)/liter
3285
Milan
24/10/2019
─
Below LOD
3287
Milan
25/11/2019
─
Below LOD
3289
Milan
18/12/2019
+
4.1 × 103
3290
Milan
18/12/2019
─
8.7 × 102
3238
Milan
20/12/2019
+
1.2 × 103
3291
Milan
29/01/2020
+
2.3 × 103
3292
Milan
29/01/2020
─
2.2 × 103
3244
Milan
03/02/2020
─
2.2 × 103
3231
Milan
12/02/2020
─
1.6 × 103
3239
Milan
12/02/2020
─
2.8 × 103
3232
Milan
19/02/2020
+
Below LOD
3240
Milan
19/02/2020
─
2.6 × 103
3241
Milan
23/02/2020
+
1.5 × 103
3233
Milan
24/02/2020
+
9.2 × 102
3230
Milan
25/02/2020
+
4.8 × 102
3237
Milan
25/02/2020
─
2.6 × 103
3234
Milan
26/02/2020
+
3.7 × 103
3242
Milan
25/02/2020
─
1.7 × 103
3235
Milan
28/02/2020
─
Below LOD
3243
Milan
28/02/2020
+
1.3 × 103
3144
Turin
09/10/2019
─
Below LOD
3145
Turin
09/10/2019
─
Below LOD
3321
Turin
06/11/2019
─
Below LOD
3323
Turin
06/11/2019
─
Below LOD
3325
Turin
20/11/2019
─
Below LOD
3329
Turin
04/12/2019
─
Below LOD
3331
Turin
04/12/2019
─
Below LOD
3333
Turin
18/12/2019
+
Below LOD
3335
Turin
18/12/2019
+
1.2 × 103
3337
Turin
14/01/2020
+
7.4 × 102
3339
Turin
15/01/2020
+
1.2 × 103
3341
Turin
28/01/2020
+
5.6 × 102
3343
Turin
29/01/2020
─
6.0 × 102
3345
Turin
11/02/2020
─
4.7 × 102
3347
Turin
25/02/2020
+
2.9 × 102
3349
Turin
26/02/2020
+
5.6 × 104
3374
Bologna
21/11/2019
─
Below LOD
3375
Bologna
10/12/2019
─
2.9 × 104
3376
Bologna
29/01/2020
+
3.3 × 104
3377
Bologna
19/02/2020
+
Below LOD
Highlighted in bold are the first occurrences of SARS-CoV-2 in each of the areas included in the study.
The study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 was already circulating in northern Italy at the end of 2019. This study also highlights the potential of environmental surveillance as an early warning system capable of alerting public health authorities to the presence of an outbreak in a specific population. Sewage water monitoring needs to be implemented by the local authorities for ensuring safe water and prevent covid 19.
Final Words
From this study, we can say that the presence of coronaviruses or any other viruses or bacteria in our sewage or groundwater can lead to serious health problems including diarrhea, pneumonia, coronavirus disease, reproductive problems, and nervous system disease, or even death. So, we just need to drink safe water. We should also be aware of other users of water in our everyday life such as cooking, bathing, washing, etc.
A scientific study has shown that to prepare boiled rice using the absorption method about 0.35 liter of water is required for 170 gm/person/day of rice which is recommended for adults by the USDA Food and Nutrition Service. To prevent various diseases and to lead a healthy lifestyle, we must need to use safe and clean water for our cooking as well. For this reason, we should consider a RO water purification system at home and office. Sewage water monitoring is a key challenge for the government but it is not impossible to implement.
[1] Sewage samples may use to monitor the levels of virus circulating in the population, an approach called Waster-Based Epidemiology.
Plastics have changed our lives; it is the most common material which is used at home. Plastic pollution is a serious threat for the human being, wildlife as well environment. It has altered medication, decorated vehicles to jet planes as a consequence environments get polluted.
We cannot deny that there are some benefits of plastics because of its lightweight, cost-effective and resistance. But on the other hand, plastics negatively impact waters, wildlife and humans. The consequences of using plastics are widespread- and it has a long term impact on humans, wildlife and nature.
It is assumed that, by 2050, there will be more plastic than fish in the oceans.
Types of Plastics
Type 1- Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE or Polyester) or stomach plastic
Stomach plastic is normally used to prepare water bottles, juice, soft drinks, butter, salad dressing, vegetable oil, mouthwash, cosmetics etc. These plastics are much thinner and smooth. Stomach plastics do not have any harmful bacteria or thalates, but its use is used in antimony trioxide. The research said that the use of long-time heat is toxic antimony from the stomach bottle. So it is very important to keep these bottles away from high temperatures. Type 1 or stomach plastic is made for one-time use only.
Type 2- High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
The most used plastic in the world is polyethylene. High-thickness polyethylene produced using petroleum, a sort of resistant plastic. High-density polyethylene is used in opaque milk, grocery bag, shampoo bottles, juice container, medicine bottle etc. High-density polyethylene is moderately strong, peevish, irritable and ‘heat-prone’ in nature. It doesn’t contain destructive BPA or thalates. There is no realized wellbeing hazard for this kind of plastic use. In fact, some research has shown, if the sunlight is kept for a long time, then the nanalifenal is released from type 2 plastic to ultraviolet rays. Comparatively, type 1, type 2 plastics is considered safer for food and drink.
Type 3- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Toys, blister wrap, cling wrap, detergent bottles, loose-leaf binders, blood bags and medical tubing containers are prepared by Type 3 plastic called PVC- Polyvinyl Chloride. PVC or vinyl is the second most widely used plastic equipment in the world after polyethylene. In fact, the manufacture and disposal process of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) has been announced as the cause of serious environmental pollution issues and health risks as well.
Type 4 – Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastics are comparatively transparent and opaque; also it is flexible and rigid but fragile. These types of plastics are the easiest polymer chemical structure.
Various kinds of bags like grocery, dry cleaning, newspapers, bread, frozen food bags, garbage etc, hot & cold beverage cups, coatings for paper milk cartons and plastic wraps etc are prepared from Type 4 Plastics. It is also used for wire and cable covering. Unfortunately, Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is quite difficult to be recycled.
Type 5 – Polypropylene (PP)
Polypropylene is normally strong and semi-transparent, high in heat and hydrophobic. These kinds of plastics are used for packing medicine, beverage, yoghurt, ketchup etc. Polypropylene isn’t completely recyclable also Polypropylene could cause asthma and hormone disruption in the human body.
Type 6 – Polystyrene (PS)
Polystyrene is widely used in making egg cartons, food containers, disposable cups and bowls, packaging, and also bike helmets. It is very risky for human health. Studies have shown that styrene is regarded as the brain and nervous system toxicant; it might also affect genes, liver, lungs, and immune system. Polystyrene has a very little rate of recycling.
Type 7 – Other
Type 7 is those plastics which Except for the type mentioned by number 1-6 and also that may be layered or mixed with other categories of plastics, such as bioplastics. Polycarbonate containers are made of BPA or bisphenol A. Due to its toxicity; several countries have banned the use of polycarbonate.
By considering the above categories of plastics we can say that Polyethylene Terephthalate is the best type of plastic for using food and water items. Ultima water purifier uses Polyethylene Terephthalate plastics to their purifier. That is why much safer and less harmful drinking water can be ensured.
Safety precautions when using plastic containers
We all know that Plastic pollution is a serious threat to our lives but if we are aware of these impacts can be reduced.
Don’t use the microwave for drinks or foods in plastic containers or with plastic wrap the food regardless of the types and classifications of plastic are. The heat of the microwaves breaks down the plastics then it releases a chemical into the food or drinks of the containers.
Packaging of plastics that have been used for the packing of takeaway food containers, detergents, water and soft drinks bottles etc should not reuse as they are one-time use only.
Cell phones, glasses, remotes and other plastic objects keep away from children as these electronics are prepared of toxic chemicals also it may be treated as fire retardants.
Hot liquids and cold liquids are not suitable to use in plastics containers. The toxic chemical can melt into these liquids.
Before using any plastic containers read carefully the instructions of packaging labels. Single-use plastic using more than one time increases the risk of growing bacteria into the water or food.
Plastic pollution is a serious threat to human health
Look around and observe what amount of plastic can you see? Food, bottles, pens even your phone covers contain plastics, the list is unlimited. Although plastic pollution is a serious threat, plastic contamination on human health remains unknown to the majority of the people. Have you ever imagined that the negative effects of plastic pollution on our health are increasing day by day?
Toxic chemicals filter out of plastic and are found in the blood and tissue of almost all of us.
Microplastics are found in 114 marine species by researchers. Most of them in fact, one-third of these fish are eaten by humans. Every day, we are consuming more polluted seafood, this plastic pollution affects human health, even if these effects have not been discovered just yet.
Because of the poor waste management system, people frequently have no option but to burn their trash in the open space. This practice allows chemicals from plastic to easily enter the human body as we breathe normally.
There is no surprise that plastic pollution is a serious threat to human health, along with environmental impacts.
Several studies have found some causal links between plastic and problems of the human body’s systems. As a result, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems of the human body are affected. So, the health impacts are overwhelmingly huge. Diabetes, chronic, cancer and various immune diseases are just a few examples of many issues potentially caused by plastic and its harmful components.
Pregnant women and children are in a more vulnerable situation. For a pregnant mother, it is considered that such impacts on a developing fetus have been shown to increase the birth defects of the brain, heart, and/or spine.
Impact on Wildlife
Millions of wildlife die for plastics every year, from birds to fish to other ocean organisms. Nearly 700 species, including rare ones, are known to have been affected by plastics. Most of the seabird eats plastics.
It is difficult to retrieve plastic waste once it is thrown in the ocean. But once plastics have been broken down into microplastics and mixed throughout the deep water in the vast ocean, they are almost impossible to recover. Plastic pollution is a serious threat to wildlife. A human can understand but animals don’t. According to research, there are 51 trillion pieces of plastic that are stored in the ocean. These plastics are deadly hazards that animals need to avoid.
Plastic is very dangerous for wildlife because they eat it or mistakenly feed to their children. Sometimes they get stuck into the plastic or plastic fibre and don’t find any chance to overcome it. Even plankton, the smallest creatures in our oceans, are getting microplastics and absorbing their harmful chemicals. Unlike humans, animals cannot identify plastic from “digestible” materials. Looks, smells, tastes or behaves like food that drives animals to eat plastics. The more use of plastics is taken place the wildlife will be affected increasingly.
Many of the ocean creatures are entrapping, encircling or constricting by plastic debris. Entanglement cases have been found for at least 344 species of marine animal including all marine turtle species, over two-thirds of seal species, one-third of whale species, and one-quarter of seabirds. 89 species of fish and 92 species of invertebrates have also been recorded for Entanglement. Plastic rope and netting and abandoned fishing gear is the most common entanglement. Plastic pollution is a serious threat, but there is no way to except reducing plastic pollution.
Impact on the Environment
A one time used plastic can be used for only 15 minutes but it can take 450 years or more to vanish from land or water. Billions of plastics are thrown away to the environment and only 8 per cent gets recycled. The rest of these ends up in landfills, burned or becomes wastes of nature. Everything suffers tourism, recreation, business, the health of humans, animals, fish and birds—because of plastic pollution. The financial damage continuously being inflicted is inestimable. Obviously, plastic pollution is a serious threat to environments.
According to a report, in 2019, production and burning of plastic have generated 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide. It is predicted that in the current trend, annual emissions from plastics will grow to 1.34 billion tones by 2030. In human word related and private condition, plastic items are available in enormous volume. Contamination by plastics and plastic items can harm and pollute the earthbound condition and can be accordingly moved to the sea-going condition.
Duties to overcome plastic pollution
Plastic pollution is a serious threat so there is no alternative to reducing plastic pollution. Plastics are dominating in our everyday life. We don’t have enough options to avoid plastics from our daily life. But there are some suggestions which can be reduced plastic pollution. 5R is an effective way to mitigate plastic pollution; these are Reduce, Reuse, Refuse, Remove, Recycle and Rally.
Reduce
We should reduce the amount of plastic waste. Most of the time it is true that one time plastics have an alternative solution. Still, wood, pottery can be an ideal alternative of plastics equipment.
Reuse
To avoid using single-use plastic equipment it can be a good alternative of using reusable plastics materials. Those plastics have long validity that can reuse frequently to avoid plastic pollution. Bring a reusable container to a restaurant or other essential area with you when you expect to have plastics.
Refuse
Sometimes you have to refuse plastics in restaurants as well as family. Request them to provide alternatives for plastics.
Remove
Removing trash from your surroundings and environments can protect the wildlife and environments from plastic pollutions.
Recycle
There are some plastics which need can easily be recycled. We should recycle those plastics which we do not need to use any longer.
Single-use water bottles vs water purifier
A large number of people use single-use water bottles and invisible satisfaction grow in their mind for having safe water. In fact, the water might safe enough but bottles might not safe. Therefore, before purchasing water both bottles and water safety need to be ensured. Furthermore, the single-use bottles have some huge environmental effects which we have discussed earlier.
One 2018 study, There were 11 global brands of bottled water had tested from 9 of the different countries. The research showed that 93% of the bottled water contains microplastics. The research didn’t say that all the plastic water is contaminated but a large number of companies can not ensure safe water quality. Everybody has come to terms that plastic pollution is a serious threat to the world, but very few people make themselves conscious.
On the other hand quality water purifier which ensures reserve osmosis (RO) system is better than the bottled water. The reason behind it reserve osmosis (RO) system uses food grade plastic of PET or PETE or Polyester. It also ensures airproof water tank so that germ can not grow from water. Ultima water purifier with reserve osmosis (RO) system ensures the best quality for water purification.
Ultima Water Purifier uses 6-8 steps to purify water. Ultra Filtration, Reserve Osmosis, Ultra Violet ensures 100% safe water. The important thing is these kinds of water purification process do not cause plastic pollution. That is why 100% safe water and pollution-free environment can be ensured.
Conclusion
Nowadays plastics become a common material to use our everyday equipment. We don’t have enough options to avoid plastics from our daily life. But we can reduce the uses of plastics. It is clear that most of the plastics we use are for one time. These plastics gradually grow a huge amount of wastage. As a result, the environment, wildlife and humans are affected. Plastic pollution is a serious threat, therefore the Governments across the world need to take some effective steps.
We can recycle plastics for reuse. Otherwise, the use of plastics will pollute the environment. Common questions arise in our mind: how can we avoid plastics in food items? The answer is there is no chance to avoid plastics instantly, but we can use food-grade plastic which is not much harmer for our health.
Drink safe water is a common consciousness to prevent cancer. Ensuring safe drinking water to all can be an affective ways to decrease the number of cancer patient.
Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death all over the world, and responsible for about 9.6 million (96 lakh) deaths (17 patients per minute).
In Bangladesh:
Nearly 1.08 lakh patient had died of cancer.
A number of diagnosed new cases of cancer was 150781 (male 83715 and female 67,066) throughout the year.
Patient of breast cancer was 12764 (8.5%of all cancer patients).
Lung cancers were responsible for the deaths of 12,075 patients. (Scenario reported by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018)
Cancer treatment
After a diagnosis of cancer, generally, patients may have to face surgical procedure to remove cancer tissue. Sometimes a surgical procedure is not applicable for overall circumstances.
Then chemotherapy is given for the patient in order to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells. It is applied to prolong life or to reduce symptoms.
Along this radiotherapy may also apply to kill cancer cells and shrink tumours.
But, still now cancer is considered as an incurable diseases worldwide. “Drink safe water” should be a campaign for aware the people about cancer.
No specific curative medicine has invented for cancer treatment until now.
Preventive medicine (vaccine) is intangible
Palliative treatment (reduce sufferings) is unaffordable for mass people
Only a few specific preventive measures are tangible for all.
Note: Cancer Awareness Foundation Bangladesh reported that 37 cancer treatment centres giving chemotherapy, radiotherapy and palliative treatment in the country.
How does cancer develop in our body?
Cancer is a morphological malformation of tissue, abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way.
Affected cells may form a mass of tissue, called a tumour.
Malignant lymphoma is a clinical feature as a primary symptom of cancer.
In some cases occurred metastasis (spreading cancer cells).
Note: Cancer can not be developed in a day. Long term exposure to toxic substances more than tolerance limit may cause of molecular change of tissue, which can turn to cancer. Beside this long term existence of infected wound or boil may turn to cancer.
Example: primary clinical feature of arsenicosis is skin pigmentation, then it turn to keratosis or melanosis. Finally aggravated arsenicosis develops skin cancer.
Causes of Cancer:
All causes of cancer are not précised and cannot be explained in short. But the most common causes are:
Certain period exposure to the toxic molecular substance.
Infections – such as hepatitis and human papillomavirus (HPV), Tuberculosis etc.
Infected wound (boil, ulcer) may gradually turn to cancer.
Tobacco smoking; it has been strongly linked to various types of cancer -including cancer of the lung, mouth, throat, larynx, pancreas, bladder, cervix and kidney.
Tobacco use is the most important risk factor and is responsible for 22% of cancer.
Chewing tobacco is linked to cancer of the oral cavity and pancreas.
Passive smoking (accompany by smokers); it increases the risk of lung cancer.
Drink unsafe water is a vital reason for affecting cancer. Some heavy elements of water like Cadmium, Lead, Arsenik are strongly linked to causing cancer.
It is true that, drink safe water can reduce the chances of cancer.
Who are most likely to be affected by cancer?
Patients with the infected wound (chronic ulcer)
Patients with tumour
Tobacco Smoker
Alcohol user
Diabetic patients
Economic Impact of Cancer:
The total annual economic cost of cancer was estimated at approximately US$ 1.16 trillion in 2010. The economic impact of cancer is significant and is increasing day by day.
What are the carcinogens?
Cancer-causing substances are known as a carcinogen. Many types of carcinogens exist in the environment. Most of the carcinogens lead exposure to renal failure as well as kidney damage. Common types of cancer with responsible substances are given in the chart.
Many Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) may also exist in water and act as a carcinogen.
World Cancer Day:
4th February 2020, the WORLD CANCER DAY has been celebrated to raise awareness of cancer and to encourage its prevention, detection, and treatment by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) to support the goals of the World Cancer Declaration.
The Theme of WORLD CANCER DAY:
‘I AM AND I WILL.’ (2019-2021).
The theme is all about you and your commitment to act. We believe that through our positive actions, together we can reach the target of reducing the number of premature deaths from cancer and non-communicable diseases by one third by 2030.
Prevent Cancer: Drink Safe Water
As air, water and soil are mixed everywhere in nature. Most of the elements of soil and air can be found in water as dissolved matters, insoluble substances, and microorganisms. If potable water contains the carcinogen, it creates serious fatal health hazards, even death also. Besides this, food can be contaminated by contaminated water. So we have to face intolerable circumstances with contaminated water. For this reason, water purifying is undoubtedly crying need to prevent cancer. Mandatory action as a preventive measure against cancer. We can eat safe food, drink safe water and prevent cancer risk. Drink safe water is not always too much costly if water sources are available.
Finally you have to drink safe water and avoid contaminated water.
How to Drink Safe Water?
Ultra Violet radiation and boiling systems are unable to remove substances from water. Chemicalization (Halogenation) for water purifying causing chemical substance accumulation in water and increases risk of cancer.
Filtration is the most preferable water purification system. It is chemical-free technology lead to separation of solutes from water through a semi-permeable membrane with tiny pores. The membrane is obstructed to pass through the larger substances and microorganisms from water. Membrane consisted of smaller pore size is more effective.
Available membrane filtration systems with pore size of membrane:
Pore size of membrane of CF, MF and UF are larger than maximum carcinogens. So, these filters are unable to remove all substances from water. Only Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane consisted with smaller pore size than substances of water.
For this reason Reverse Osmosis (RO)technology is the best choice to purify the water due to the tiniest pore size (0.0001 micron) of the membrane.
You can keep confidence in RO technology for 100% safe “Drinking Water and Kitchen Water” Solution. This technology is recognized by NSF, ANSI and EPA of USA; certified by ISO 9001: 2008 and appreciated by WHO (World Health Organization). RO Water Purifier is an automatic machine directly usable for the domestic water line. No need to boil water. You can collect an RO water purifier for family health safety. It is significantly important to justify the quality before buying a RO water purifier. Ultima Bangladesh helps you to have drink safe water.
Key Points to Determine The Best RO Water Purifier:
Availability of filter and accessories in the market.
Better and friendly customer care services.
Honesty (truthfulness) is the noble and public health safety is the humanitarian Goal of ULTIMA (The best family friend). We should make a slogan that Drink safe water & prevent cancer.
RO water purifier is the most advanced technology for purifying drinking water. To ensure 100% safe and mineralized drinking water as well as free from virus, bacteria, algal and harmful heavy elements, then Reverse Osmosis – RO water purifier is a must. Let’s discuss the whole scenario-
Is natural water safe?
Water from natural sources is a solution to various matters. Water and soil are mixed everywhere in nature. Most of the elements of soil can be found in water as dissolved matters, insoluble substances, and microorganisms. The majority of these are hazardous to human health.
Common Water Borne Diseases and Responsible Microorganisms:
Diseases
Microorganisms
Diarrhoea, Dysentery (Often Bloody or Profuse), Stomach cramp
The human body is consist of 68 – 72% of water and medical science also found that the direct or indirect cause of maximum diseases of human is contaminated water. Contaminated water by mentioned substances or microorganisms is not acceptable anyway. So, it is important to ensure safe water to be healthy.
Wrong Thinking About Natural Water
Most people consider the water from tube-well or waterfall as safe potable water. But, these sources may be contaminated by various hazardous substances and microorganisms.
People also think that boiling the water at 1000 C temperature is safe. But, by boiling the water dissolved or insoluble substances can’t be removed; and some microorganisms may not be killed in this way.
Chemicalization (Halogenation or ozonation) is another commonly known system of water purification. But, chemicals contamination is also hazardous to the human body. Besides this, measuring the optimum amount of chemical to kill existing microorganisms in water, is too difficult. Disproportion to the required amount resulting in the existence of live micro-organisms or creates acute toxicity to human health.
All of these procedures aren’t appropriate ways of water purification due to the possible existence of contaminants (substances) and microorganisms in water.
So, filtration is the only way to make the water safe (contamination and micro-organisms free). After filtration safe water must be preserved in such a reservoir that is free from air contact and also must be food grade maintained. Scientifically procedure air pressure tank is used to protect from any type of contaminations after making safe water.
Water Quality Testing
Water quality parameters are Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electric Conductivity (EC), pH, Total Coliform, hardness, undissolved heavy solids (Fe, As, Cr, Cd, Pb, etc.) and Turbidity, etc.
TDS Level of water can be measured byTDS meter as mg/L or ppm (particles per million) unit and pH can be determined by pH meter or pH value table. In order to justify if the water safe or not, all other parameters of water can be tested in the chemical laboratory. But laboratory testing is expensive.
pH
The pH of water is an important parameter to justify usability. It is a measurement of the acid-base equilibrium (0 to 6.9 acidic and 7.1 to 14 alkali). Mathematically calculated by negative common logarithm {pH = − log (H+)} of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. In dilute solutions, the hydrogen ion activity is approximately equal to the hydrogen ion concentration. By drinking the water of Low pH causing acidity and high pH causing tingling symptoms and burning sensation or toxicity. The pH of safe potable water should be within the range of 6.5-8.5.
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)
TDS of water means Total dissolved solids (as ions) in water. TDS meter is capable to indicate the dissolved ion density of water but unable to detect insoluble substances and microorganisms. If we can deduct TDS – minimum 97% then we can guess all other solutes already been deducted and that is safe water.
In spite of some limitations, usually, TDS and pH are commonly used parameters to justify the Water quality. Generally dissolved ions are tinier than any other insoluble substances or microorganisms. It can be assumed that TDS reduction (removing TDS) by membrane filtration refers to the rejection of larger particles as well as heavy metals and microorganisms also. So, if the TDS level of water is reduced 97% by any filtration system then it is considered that, maximum insoluble substances and microorganisms are also removed from the water.
So, as a preventive measure against infection or toxicity, medical science recommended applying the best filtration water purification technologies i.e. RO Water Purification in the daily life of human beings.
Currently, there are different types of water purifiers available. All water purifier in Bangladesh have different technical specifications with certain basic requirements, but people need the best water purifier for safe water
Applicability of specific water purifiers depends on water quality, water source, water pressure, amount of daily water requirement and available space. The general person as a customer may be confused to select an appropriate water purifier. In order to relieve the confusion of every valuable customer, ULTIMA has developed a detail featured article about the “Selection Criteria” of the Best water purifier in the market of Bangladesh.
We have to read carefully the following article at least a single time prior to buying a water purifier for our home, business center or office. ULTIMA’s cordial effort may be helpful for buying the best water purifier. We hope that after reading this article buyer will get a strong concept on selecting the best water purifier for domestic or official use.
Now, ULTIMA recommended knowing deeply, about the best water purifier for domestic or official use. Let first we have to know, about water purification technologies.
Water Filtration Technologies
Disinfection technologies (Boiling, Chemicalization and electromagnetic radiation)
Filtration technologies (by Porous Membrane)
Non-Electrical
Electrical
Common Disinfection Technologies
Boiling
Chemicalization
UV Radiation
Boiling
Overcome thermotolerance of microorganisms at 1000 C or 2120F through boiling water using thermal effect by the Fuel energy
Limitations of Boiling
Inability to kill some microorganisms (Such as Clostridium)
Inability to remove dissolved ions, insoluble substances, and cadaver of microorganisms
Possibilities of fire explosion accidents
High fuel energy consumption
The high amount of system loss due to pure water vaporization
Chemicalization
Halogenations or Ozonation, sometimes used in municipal or community water treatment plants.
Limitations of Chemicalization
Harmful chemical contamination (Longtime halogen contamination in drinking water is one of the causes of cancer)
Inability to remove cadaver, dissolved ions, and insoluble substances
UV Radiation
Electromagnetic Radiation by Ultra Violet (UV) ray
Limitations of UV Radiation
Not useful for turbid water (only applicable for transparent water)
Inability to remove cadaver, dissolved ions, and insoluble substances
Due to the limitations of the mentioned disinfection procedures, these are not recommended for purifying the water. But, the tube of the ultra-violate ray may be used as an adjacent device with RO membrane to ensure double-layer protection against microorganisms infection and polishing safe water.
Water Filtration Technologies
Filtration is the water purification systems mean chemical-free technologies lead to separation of solutes from water through a semi-permeable membrane with tiny pores. The function of the membrane is obstructing to pass through the substances and microorganisms from water, which are larger than the pores of the membrane to make safe water.
Non-Electrical Filtration Systems
Ceramic Filtration (CF)
MICRO Filtration (MF)
ULTRA Filtration (UF)
There is no fundamental difference between CF, MF, and UF. All of these filtration systems are separate based on structural size and pore size of cartridges or membrane for size exclusion or particle capture. Filter with smaller pore size is better than others.
Ceramic Filtration (CF)
Micro-Filtration (UF)
ULTRA Filtration (UF)
The standard pore size of the membrane
0.3 – 0.8 micron
0.1 micron
0.01 micron
Capable to remove
Some particulates and colloids
Some particulates, colloids, fungus and algae
Some particulates, colloids, fungus, algae, and bacteria
Unable to remove
Fungus, algae, bacteria, Virus, Ions and Molecular substances
Bacteria, Virus, Ions and Molecular substances
Virus, Ions and Molecular substances
Electrical Filtration Systems
Multi or Nano Filtration (NF)
Hyper Filtration (RO: Reverse osmosis)
Multi or Nano Filtration (NF)
It is an electrical water filtering process by a porous (0.001 micron) membrane capable to remove maximum polyvalent ions and micro-organisms and preserve cations by an electronic collector of positive charge which absorbs harmful substances with a negative charge. Multidimensional research is now underway about this filtration system and it is still now commercially unavailable.
Hyper Filtration- (RO: Reverse osmosis)
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process through the tiniest porous (0.0001 microns) membrane utilizing external pressure electric booster pump against normal osmotic pressure. The membrane allows only water to pass through with some monovalent ions. Larger matters than 0.0001 microns must be rejected by this membrane. It works as a reducer of TDS as well as insoluble substances and microorganisms from water.
Comparison between Nano Filtration and Hyper (RO) filtration
Systems:
Particulates, colloids, fungus, algae, bacteria, Virus, Ions, All molecular substances
Unable to remove
Monovalent Ions, Some tiny molecular substances
Very few amounts (2-3%) of monovalent Ions which are tiny in size.
Note: Except halogens most of the tinier monovalent Ions, are positive to human health. An extra activated carbon stage (T33) is used after RO membrane stage in a RO water purifier toabsorb existing halogens. So,these few amount (3%) of monovalent Ions consisted water is considered as safe potable water. But these ions should be removed for the medicine production purpose in pharmaceutical industries with following some process.
Available Water Purifier In Bangladesh
UV water purifier: Using disinfection technology by electromagnetic radiation
CF water purifier: Using membrane with pore size of 0.3- 0.8 micron
UF water purifier: Using membrane with pore size of 0.01 micron
RO water purifier: Using membrane with pore size of 0.0001 micron
Combined (RO + UV) water purifier: Using membrane with a pore size of 0.0001 microns with disinfection technology by electromagnetic radiation
This purifier consists of RO membrane. Standardpore size of RO membrane is 0.0001 micron. So that, it is capable to capture maximum substances from water. It is the main component (stage) of RO Water purifier.
In order to increase the longevity of RO Membrane until the highest tentative period, multiple additional stages have to adjust asPre RO stages.
Commonly Used Pre RO Stages Are
PP Membrane (Sediment Filter)
GAC (Granular Activated Carbon) Filter
CTO (Chlorine Taste and Odor: Activated Carbon) Filter
To make the water mineral-rich and increase the pH level of potable purified water by RO membrane some additional stages may be adjusted as post RO stages
Commonly Used Post RO Stages Are
Mineral
and Alkaline cartridge
T33(Activated
Carbon)
UV
filter
Required stages for an RO water purifier depend on the water quality of the source. RO water purifier generally consisted of 6 to 10 stages including RO membrane.
PP Membrane (Sediment Filter)
This is a porous membrane made from melt-blown polypropylene (one kind of thermoplastic) known as a sediment filter. It is mainly used as the first stage of RO water purifier for remove insoluble particles (Soil, Sand, Scales, organic wastes. etc.) from water.
The performance of the PP membrane depends on the fineness of its pore size.PP with finer (Lower) pore size considered a better one and takes a higher price than others. Generally, finer porous PP is high in weight within minimum space. Weight varies according to length.
Length 10″: 75, 80, 100, 125 and 150 gram Length 20″: 150, 160, 200, 250 and 300 gram
Note: PP of regular size is available in public market. But, customized size of any stage is only available at responsible distributor company. For this reason, regular size PP is preferable. Prior to buy a RO water purifier, we have to determine which purifier contains regular sized and finest porous PP. Finest in Bangladesh: 0.45 micron pore size with 150 gram (10″) & 300 gram (20″)
Activated Carbon Filters
Active carbon is produced from raw organic materials, such as coconut shells or coal. Heat, in the absence of oxygen, is used to increase (activate) the surface area of the carbon.
A grading system is applicable for the quality judgment of coconut shell carbon. Iodine number is a widely used parameter to assess the quality of activated carbon for estimation about it’s simplicity, rapid absorbent quality, surface area, and porosity. The iodine number is defined as the milligrams of iodine absorbed by one gram refers to the absorption of halogens
Three types of activated carbon filters are used for water purify as additional stages with RO water purifier.
GAC: Granular Activated Carbon
GAC removes particularlycertain-dissolved organic chemicals. However, other chemicals, like iron and nitrate do not attract the carbon and are not removed by GAC, but this filter is also capable to remove fumes and some objectionable odors of water.
CTO Membrane
Chlorine Taste and Odor (CTO) membrane is an activated carbon filter coated by a porous blanket used for absorbing dissolved chlorine, unusual Tastes, and objectionable odors.
T33 Membrane
T33 Membrane Inline Granular Activated Carbon Filter (T33)used to absorbing fumes or halogens, improve the taste of potable water and increasing the bleach of water.
Commercially available activated carbon for GAC CTO and T33 stages in Bangladesh:
Note: As iodine number is quality indicator of carbon filter. So, highest iodine number is preferable for carbon filter. Best quality in market of Bangladesh is Iodine – 1200 grade Coconut shell carbon.
Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membrane
RO membrane is the main component of RO water purifier. Standard RO membrane consists of the tiniest pore (0.0001 microns) formed by typically either cellulose acetate or polysulfone coated with aromatic polyamides3. The capability of Membrane (Water filtration rate) rated as GPD (Gallons per day). The membrane of higher GPD considered as powerful. Accuracy and quality depend on uniform reduction quality and higher surface area which increase GPD (gallon per day). But, we have to confirm RO membrane is original (standard).
Power of Commercially Available RO Membrane
For residential use: 50, 75, 100 GPD Power
For commercial use: 200, 300, 400, 800 GPD Power
Note: Uniform reduction rate 97%-98% makes safe water. 100 GPD Power is the best for domestic use and 200 GPD is suitable for official use.
Booster Pump
RO water purifier depends on electric power; the booster pump is an adjusted power supply device used to apply external pressure on RO membrane. The power of the booster pump should be matched to the power of RO membrane, otherwise, it results in the defective output.
The capability of the booster pump rated as GPD (Gallons per day). Booster pump of higher GPD considered as more powerful, and quality depends on better performance with longevity.
Power of Booster Pump
For residential use: 50, 75, 100 GPD Power
For commercial use: 200, 300, 400, 800 GPD Power
Note: Original 100 GPD Power is the best for domestic use and 200 GPD is suitable for official use.
Reservoir Tank
There are three types of reservoir tanks available in the market of Bangladesh.
Lid Consisted Tank: This tank is cheaper than any other tank. Though it is used with some RO water purifier, there is a possibility of contamination by air contact and encroaching insects within a short time. Besides this,this type of reservoir tank becomes dirt periodically due to continuous dust allocation.
Air Tight Tank: This tank is free from air and insect contamination. But it is unable to create sufficient pressure on water flow; so, this doesn’t allow multiple faucet facility.
Air Pressure Tank: This tank is free from re-pollution. It is capable to create enough pressure (unit: PSI) for proper water flow through thefaucet. So, this tank allows double faucet installation with RO water purifier.
Example: Nearly 50 PSI required for RO water purifier.
Note: As the reservoir tank is used for preserve purified water after filtration, it should be food grade maintained and capable to protect the purified water from re-pollution. Alongside ability to create proper pressure for water flow through multiple faucet is important for“drinking and kitchen water solution”. Only air pressure tank is consisted with these qualities. So, Food grade maintained air pressure tank is preferable for domestic and official use.
Mineral and Alkaline Cartridge
Generally, RO filtered water is considered as free from micro-organisms and any substances. Purified water is bitter in taste. As the required amount of minerals for human health can be consumed from vegetables, fruits, species, fishes and meats as food ingredients; so, it is not essential from water. But In order to improve the taste of potable water, minerals may be added with purified water.
World Health Organization (WHO) recommended pH level of potable water is within 6.5 – 8.5. Besides this, alkaline water is positively ionized which is beneficial for human health development. For this reason, some health favorable alkaline may be used to increase pH level of potable water.
Note: To enrich water quality we need to add healthy mineral and alkaline cartridge should be added as a post RO stage. Though mineral and alkaline is rarely found as combined tube in market, But combined tube is preferable.
UV Filter
It is a filtering device depends on electromagnetic radiation using the proper electrical power supply. It is capable to kill micro-organisms from transparent water but unable to remove substances. So this device may use as an extra stage for secondary disinfection. Electricity requirement varies on the measurement of consumption.
Water Faucet
It is a device for delivering water from a plumbing system made of metal or plastic. Faucet may be compacted with purifiers or portable.
Compacted faucet may not convenient for all members of the family. Alongside, if the faucet is tangible for all, children may keep running the faucet unnecessarily several times may cause wastage of purified water.
A portable faucet may be installed anywhere in house. But if a faucet is placed at such a place where water can be dropped on the floor; that may cause wet and slippery floors as well as increase the risk of accidental injury for family members.
Metal faucet is strong and long-lasting, but there is a possibility of rust allocation on an iron faucet. So stainless steel (alloy) faucet is preferable due to its rust-free specialty.
Single faucet may not be enough for family use. In some purifier extra faucet can be installed. Air pressure tank is a prior condition of using a double faucet.
Note:In order to avoid the risk of accidental injury faucet should be in basin. So portable multiplestainless steel (alloy)faucet is a significant speciality to choice better faucet for family and official use.
Maintenance And Customer Care of RO Water Purifier
Each stage of RO water purifier has different longevity depends on the water quality of source and amount of consumption. Different stages need to change periodically according to water quality. Changing of stages and service support professional installation and friendly customer care are significant issues. Defective installation resulting in ineffective filtration with poor outcomes.Improper Installation systems
Improper Installation Systems
Parallel or bypass installation of any stages resulting in high TDS and substance contamination
Air contacted reservoir tank causing re-pollution.
We should avoid improper installation in order to get safe water.
Proper Installation system
Series Installation of stages
Strong wall setup (Ex: Large and rust-free screw)
Air pressure reservoir tank to protect the safe water from re-pollution
Significantly separate drainage line.
All companies don’t have a customer care service. It rated by using CRM software and service charge.
Key Points to Determine Best RO Water Purifier
The pore size of PP (Sediment); i.e. 0.45 micron in best.
The efficiency of RO membrane Filter (97%-98% reduction)
GPD of RO membrane and Booster Pump
Iodine Grade of activated carbon (coconut shell); i.e. GAC, CTO & T33
Portability of stainless steel (rust free) faucet with multiple faucet facility
Food grade maintenance of air pressure tank.
Availability of filter and accessories in the market.
Better and friendly customer care services
If we read this article, it may be helpful to make proper decisions to identify the best RO water purifier. Thus the effort of ULTIMA will be successful. Honesty (truthfulness) is the noble and public health safety is the humanitarian Goal of ULTIMA (Your best family friend).
Prevention of Enteric Fever is a challenge for everybody. Social awareness is the key to preventing enteric fever.
Name of Diseases
Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid fever
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever is a major cause of illness in most developing countries, including Bangladesh. It remains the most common bloodstream infection in many resource-poor settings. It requires the ingestion of at least 105Salmonella bacteria at a time to produce typhoid. Recently estimated 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year in the world, with some 0.2 million of these resulting in death. Paratyphoid fever is similar in its symptoms to typhoid fever, but typhoid fever has a higher fatality rate. Bangladesh is located in a region where typhoid is highly endemic. Prevention of enteric fever is a gradual process and only social awareness can mitigate the disease.
Size & Shape: Rod Shaped 0.7 – 1.5 µm by 2.0 – 5.0 µm
Source of contamination: Stool and urine of infected persons
Note: Salmonella absorbs oxygen as a parasite from human body to live and reproduction. Human may be infected due to take Salmonella contaminated water and food, sometimes may die also. Case-fatality rates of 10% can be reduced to less than 1% with appropriate antibiotic therapy. Children and Adolescents (up to 19 years) are more vulnerable to this infection.
The Root of transmission: Digestive system (Mouth & Nose)
Clinical Symptoms
Fever (Temperature ≤1030 F and persist 7 days or more)
Headache
Nausea, Vomiting
Diarrhea (Sometimes bloody)
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Nephritis
Splenomegaly
Abdominal pain or cramp
Constipation
Gastroenteritis
Cough
Bradycardia
Incubation Period: 8 – 14 days
Symptoms existence: 2 – 6 weeks with possibilities of recurrent contamination
Consultation with medical doctor as soon as possible
Proper antibiotic (Directed by physician) after confirm diagnosis
Vaccines for Typhoid
There are three types of typhoid vaccines licensed for use:*
Typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV)
The unconjugated Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) vaccine
The live attenuated Ty21a vaccine.
In 2018, WHO Recommended
The first prequalified TCV for intramuscular administration of a single dose (0.5 mL) in children ≥ 6 months of age and in adults up to 45 years of age.
The VIPs vaccine is recommended for intramuscular or subcutaneous administration in individuals 2 years of age and older.
Ty21a vaccine is available in enteric-coated capsules recommended for oral administration on alternate days in a three-dose regimen in persons above 6 years of age.
Repeat vaccination is recommended for VIPs every three years, and for Ty21a every three to seven years, depending on national policies. There are currently no licensed vaccines against paratyphoid fever and iNTS disease. Prevention of enteric fever is not impossible but necessary steps need to be taken.
Cause of Salmonella Contamination
Defective sewage system (Housing or farming)
The defective or unclean water supply system
Prevention from Salmonella Pollution
Drink safe water
Maintain hygiene and use safe water including cooking food
Develop sewage and water supply system, sanitary disposal of excreta
Preserve separately raw and cooked food
Use RO purifier to ensure safe drinking and kitchen water
Note: The pore size of the membrane of RO Purifier is too small than the size of Salmonella. For this reason only RO purifier with accurate size (0.0001 microns) of membrane capable to prevent Salmonella and ensure 100% safe drinking & kitchen water Solution.
To ensure pure drinking water and health safety ULTIMA CARE brought RO Purifier for you. The process of 6-10 steps water purifier prevents harmful germs and provides you with 100% safe water for drinking. Prevention of enteric fever will no longer serious issues if safe water treatment is insured.
